Although many Oneida of what was called the Christian Party had allied with the rebels during the American Revolutionary War, afterward the tribe was under pressure to cede lands in New York to the new federal government. They became one of the original Five Nations of the powerful Iroquois Confederacy. The Oneida Nation is an Indigenous Iroquoian-speaking nation, whose ancestors came from what is now central-western New York.

Of the more than 16,000 members, roughly half live on the reservation. Since the late 20th century, the nation developed the gaming Ashwaubenon Casino on its property, which is generating revenue for economic development and welfare. In 1988 the nation established the state's first modern lottery, known as Big Green. As of 2010, the nation controlled about 35 percent of the land within its reservation and is working to reacquire the rest. They used the land for farming and harvesting timber. The nation kept control of most of the land until sales were allowed in the early 20th century, when members were often tricked out of their property.

Under the Dawes Act, the land was allotted in 1892 to individual households. The land was individually owned until the tribe was formed under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. The reservation was established by treaty in 1838, and was allotted to individual New York Oneida tribal members as part of an agreement with the U.S. The tribe's reservation spans parts of two counties west of the Green Bay metropolitan area. The Oneida Nation is a federally recognized tribe of Oneida people in Wisconsin. Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora

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